Conditionals
A conditional sentence is a sentence containing the word if. There are three basic types of conditional sentence:
1. if clause > present simple tense : main clause > future tense (will)
1. If you help me, I will help you.
2. If I win the lottery, I will buy a new car.
3. If it snows tomorrow, we will go skiing.
2. if clause > past simple tense : main clause > would
1. If you knew her, you would agree with me.
2. If I won the lottery, I would buy a new car.
3. If it snowed tomorrow, we would go skiing.
3. if clause > past perfect tense : main clause > would have
1. If you had helped me, I would have helped you.
2. If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a new car.
3. If it had snowed yesterday, we would have gone skiing.
Of course, it is possible to start conditional sentences with the main clause:
· I will buy a new car if I win the lottery.
· I would buy a new car if I won the lottery.
· I would have bought a new car if I had won the lottery.
English speakers choose one of the three conditional structures as follows:
1. Conditional one - to express a simple statement of fact or intent
o I will buy a new car if I win the lottery.
o I will go home if you don't stop criticizing me.
o You will fail your exams if you don't start working harder.
o She will lose all her friends if she continues to talk about them behind their backs.
2. Conditional two - to refer to a present unreal situation or to a situation in the future that the speaker thinks is unlikely to happen
o If I had a lot of money, I would buy a new car. (but I don't have a lot of money)
o If I were you, I would tell him you're sorry. (but I am not you)
o If I won the lottery, I would buy a new house. (but I don't expect to win the lottery)
o If it snowed tomorrow, we would go skiing. (but I don't have much hope that it will snow)
3. Conditional three - to refer to the past and situations that did not happen
o If it had snowed yesterday, we would have gone skiing. (but it didn't snow, so we didn't go skiing)
o If you had studied harder, you would have passed your test. (but you didn't study hard, so you didn't pass your test)
o If I had known that, I would have told you. (but I didn't know, so I didn't tell you)
o If she hadn't been driving slowly, she would have had an accident. (but she was driving slowly, so she didn't have an accident)
Note: The way native speakers of English express conditions (use if-clauses) is much more varied than the 3 rigid combinations of tenses exemplified on this page. Learners should consult a good grammar reference work for a deeper understanding of this complex aspect of English grammar.
Source : http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/cond.htm ( Accessed 04 May 2015 )
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